Ballot Results
Ballot Name:
2017-07 Standards Alignment with Registration FAC-002-3 FN 2 ST
Voting Start Date:
1/14/2020 9:03:32 AM
Voting End Date:
1/23/2020 8:00:00 PM
Ballot Type:
ST
Ballot Activity:
FN
Ballot Series:
2
Total # Votes:
231
Total Ballot Pool:
252
Quorum:
91.67
Quorum Established Date:
1/14/2020 9:18:38 AM
Weighted Segment Value:
99.69
Segment | Ballot Pool | Segment Weight | Affirmative Votes | Affirmative Fraction | Negative Votes w/ Comment | Negative Fraction w/ Comment | Negative Votes w/o Comment | Abstain | No Vote |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Segment: 1 | 65 | 1 | 59 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
Segment: 2 | 6 | 0.6 | 6 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Segment: 3 | 54 | 1 | 49 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
Segment: 4 | 14 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Segment: 5 | 59 | 1 | 49 | 0.98 | 1 | 0.02 | 0 | 2 | 7 |
Segment: 6 | 45 | 1 | 38 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
Segment: 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Segment: 8 | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Segment: 9 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Segment: 10 | 6 | 0.6 | 6 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Totals: | 252 | 6.5 | 221 | 6.48 | 1 | 0.02 | 0 | 9 | 21 |
Ballot Pool Members
Segment | Organization | Voter | Designated Proxy | Ballot | NERC Memo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | SERC Reliability Corporation | Dave Krueger | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Ameren - Ameren Services | Robert Quinlivan | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Ameren - Ameren Missouri | Sam Dwyer | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | AEP | Thomas Foltz | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Ameren - Ameren Services | Tamara Evey | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Basin Electric Power Cooperative | Eve G Stromer | None | N/A | |
3 | Ameren - Ameren Services | David Jendras Sr | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | WEC Energy Group, Inc. | Christine Kane | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Sempra - San Diego Gas and Electric | Bryan Bennett | Affirmative | N/A | |
4 | Public Utility District No. 2 of Grant County, Washington | Karla Weaver | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | PPL Electric Utilities Corporation | Michelle McCartney Longo | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | WEC Energy Group, Inc. | Michelle Hribar | None | N/A | |
6 | PPL - Louisville Gas and Electric Co. | Linn Oelker | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Con Ed - Consolidated Edison Co. of New York | Peter Yost | Affirmative | N/A | |
10 | ReliabilityFirst | Tyler Schwendiman | Affirmative | N/A | |
4 | Seminole Electric Cooperative, Inc. | Ken Habgood | Abstain | N/A | |
5 | Platte River Power Authority | Jon Osell | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Platte River Power Authority | Marissa Archie | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | AEP | Mathew Miller | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Con Ed - Consolidated Edison Co. of New York | William Winters | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Platte River Power Authority | Sabrina Martz | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Missouri River Energy Services | Brian Zavesky | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Con Ed - Consolidated Edison Co. of New York | Dermot Smyth | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Xcel Energy, Inc. | Nicholas Friebel | Amy Casuscelli | Affirmative | N/A |
5 | Sempra - San Diego Gas and Electric | Jennifer Wright | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Westar Energy | Marcus Moor | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Tri-State G and T Association, Inc. | Ryan Walter | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Westar Energy | Allen Klassen | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Great Plains Energy - Kansas City Power and Light Co. | John Carlson | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | CenterPoint Energy Houston Electric, LLC | Daniela Hammons | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Puget Sound Energy, Inc. | Kellie Anderson | None | N/A | |
1 | Puget Sound Energy, Inc. | Anna Lavik | None | N/A | |
3 | Platte River Power Authority | Richard Kiess | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Sempra - San Diego Gas and Electric | Mohamed Derbas | Affirmative | N/A | |
9 | Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities | Donald Nelson | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Edison International - Southern California Edison Company | Romel Aquino | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Westar Energy | Derek Brown | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | AEP | Leshel Hutchings | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Puget Sound Energy, Inc. | Kelley Sargent | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Evergy | Tiffany Lake | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Great Plains Energy - Kansas City Power and Light Co. | Marcus Moor | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | International Transmission Company Holdings Corporation | Michael Moltane | Abstain | N/A | |
1 | Seattle City Light | Michael Jang | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Seattle City Light | Faz Kasraie | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Austin Energy | Thomas Standifur | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Manitoba Hydro | Nazra Gladu | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Seattle City Light | Laurie Hammack | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Seattle City Light | Charles Freeman | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | APS - Arizona Public Service Co. | Andrew Smith | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | APS - Arizona Public Service Co. | Marcus Bortman | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | APS - Arizona Public Service Co. | Daniela Atanasovski | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | APS - Arizona Public Service Co. | Jessica Lopez | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Boise-Kuna Irrigation District - Lucky Peak Power Plant Project | Mike Kukla | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | NiSource - Northern Indiana Public Service Co. | Dmitriy Bazylyuk | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Tennessee Valley Authority | Ian Grant | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Manitoba Hydro | Kristy-Lee Young | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | NiSource - Northern Indiana Public Service Co. | Alison Nickells | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Tennessee Valley Authority | Armando Rodriguez | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | WEC Energy Group, Inc. | David Boeshaar | None | N/A | |
3 | NiSource - Northern Indiana Public Service Co. | Steven Taddeucci | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | NiSource - Northern Indiana Public Service Co. | Kathryn Tackett | Affirmative | N/A | |
10 | Midwest Reliability Organization | Mark Flanary | Affirmative | N/A | |
4 | FirstEnergy - FirstEnergy Corporation | Mark Garza | None | N/A | |
4 | Tacoma Public Utilities (Tacoma, WA) | Hien Ho | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Muscatine Power and Water | Seth Shoemaker | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | FirstEnergy - FirstEnergy Corporation | Theresa Ciancio | None | N/A | |
5 | Muscatine Power and Water | Chance Back | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Muscatine Power and Water | Andrew Kurriger | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Basin Electric Power Cooperative | Derik Youngs | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Manitoba Hydro | Brandin Stoesz | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | FirstEnergy - FirstEnergy Corporation | Aaron Ghodooshim | None | N/A | |
6 | Public Utility District No. 2 of Grant County, Washington | M LeRoy Patterson | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Glencoe Light and Power Commission | Terry Volkmann | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Lincoln Electric System | Brittany Millard | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Lincoln Electric System | Josh Johnson | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Nebraska Public Power District | Tony Eddleman | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | PSEG - PSEG Fossil LLC | Tim Kucey | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Tennessee Valley Authority | Gabe Kurtz | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Southern Company - Southern Company Generation | Leslie Burke | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Bonneville Power Administration | Ron Sporseen | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Bonneville Power Administration | Tanner Brier | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Bonneville Power Administration | Juergen Bermejo | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Con Ed - Consolidated Edison Co. of New York | Christopher Overberg | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Evergy | Tiffany Lake | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Berkshire Hathaway - PacifiCorp | Sandra Shaffer | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Ocala Utility Services | Neville Bowen | None | N/A | |
5 | Nebraska Public Power District | Ronald Bender | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | CMS Energy - Consumers Energy Company | David Greyerbiehl | Affirmative | N/A | |
2 | Independent Electricity System Operator | Helen Lainis | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Tallahassee Electric (City of Tallahassee, FL) | Scott Langston | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Duke Energy | Dale Goodwine | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Duke Energy | Katherine Street | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | New York Power Authority | Daniel Valle | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Great River Energy | Michael Brytowski | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | CMS Energy - Consumers Energy Company | Donald Lynd | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Xcel Energy, Inc. | Eric Barry | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | National Grid USA | Michael Jones | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Muscatine Power and Water | Nicholas Burns | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Santee Cooper | James Poston | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Santee Cooper | Chris Wagner | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Great Plains Energy - Kansas City Power and Light Co. | Jennifer Flandermeyer | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | National Grid USA | Brian Shanahan | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | National Grid USA | Robin Berry | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Santee Cooper | Michael Brown | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Black Hills Corporation | Rachel Schuldt | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | PPL - Louisville Gas and Electric Co. | James Frank | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | PSEG - PSEG Energy Resources and Trade LLC | Laura Wu | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Portland General Electric Co. | Brooke Jockin | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Black Hills Corporation | George Tatar | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Northern California Power Agency | Dennis Sismaet | Abstain | N/A | |
1 | Nebraska Public Power District | Jamison Cawley | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Portland General Electric Co. | Stefanie Burke | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | U.S. Bureau of Reclamation | Richard Jackson | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | U.S. Bureau of Reclamation | Wendy Kalidass | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Santee Cooper | Tommy Curtis | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Omaha Public Power District | Kayleigh Wilkerson | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Great River Energy | Jacalynn Bentz | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Cowlitz County PUD | Deanna Carlson | Abstain | N/A | |
1 | SaskPower | Wayne Guttormson | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Duke Energy | John Sturgeon | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | NB Power Corporation | Jeffrey Streifling | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Omaha Public Power District | Doug Peterchuck | Affirmative | N/A | |
2 | PJM Interconnection, L.L.C. | Thomas Foster | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Omaha Public Power District | Shonda McCain | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | City Utilities of Springfield, Missouri | Jessica Morrissey | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Brazos Electric Power Cooperative, Inc. | Shari Heino | None | N/A | |
10 | Northeast Power Coordinating Council | Gerry Dunbar | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Herb Schrayshuen | Herb Schrayshuen | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Long Island Power Authority | Robert Ganley | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Omaha Public Power District | David Heins | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Duke Energy - Florida Power Corporation | Marcelo Pesantez | Affirmative | N/A | |
8 | David Kiguel | David Kiguel | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Ontario Power Generation Inc. | Constantin Chitescu | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Seminole Electric Cooperative, Inc. | Bret Galbraith | Abstain | N/A | |
1 | Tacoma Public Utilities (Tacoma, WA) | John Merrell | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Tacoma Public Utilities (Tacoma, WA) | Ozan Ferrin | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Seminole Electric Cooperative, Inc. | Marc Sedor | Abstain | N/A | |
3 | Georgia System Operations Corporation | Scott McGough | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | IDACORP - Idaho Power Company | Sean Steffensen | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | OGE Energy - Oklahoma Gas and Electric Co. | Ashley F Stringer | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Manitoba Hydro | Mike Smith | None | N/A | |
5 | New York Power Authority | Zahid Qayyum | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Black Hills Corporation | Josh Combs | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | City of Independence, Power and Light Department | Chris Bills | Affirmative | N/A | |
4 | City of Poplar Bluff | Neal Williams | None | N/A | |
1 | OGE Energy - Oklahoma Gas and Electric Co. | Terri Pyle | Affirmative | N/A | |
4 | Alliant Energy Corporation Services, Inc. | Larry Heckert | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Entergy - Entergy Services, Inc. | Oliver Burke | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Unisource - Tucson Electric Power Co. | Jessica Cordero | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | OGE Energy - Oklahoma Gas and Electric Co. | Donald Hargrove | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | OGE Energy - Oklahoma Gas and Electric Co. | Patrick Wells | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Balancing Authority of Northern California | Kevin Smith | Joe Tarantino | Affirmative | N/A |
1 | Black Hills Corporation | Micah Runner | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | NextEra Energy - Florida Power and Light Co. | Justin Welty | None | N/A | |
1 | City Utilities of Springfield, Missouri | Michael Bowman | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | PNM Resources - Public Service Company of New Mexico | Lynn Goldstein | Abstain | N/A | |
6 | Sacramento Municipal Utility District | Charles Norton | Joe Tarantino | Affirmative | N/A |
5 | Sacramento Municipal Utility District | Ryder Couch | Joe Tarantino | Affirmative | N/A |
4 | Sacramento Municipal Utility District | Foung Mua | Joe Tarantino | Affirmative | N/A |
5 | BC Hydro and Power Authority | Quincy Wang | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Sacramento Municipal Utility District | Wei Shao | Joe Tarantino | Affirmative | N/A |
3 | Sacramento Municipal Utility District | Nicole Looney | Joe Tarantino | Affirmative | N/A |
1 | AEP - AEP Service Corporation | Dennis Sauriol | Affirmative | N/A | |
4 | City Utilities of Springfield, Missouri | Jerry Bradshaw | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Entergy | Julie Hall | None | N/A | |
5 | PPL - Louisville Gas and Electric Co. | Julie Hostrander | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Tacoma Public Utilities (Tacoma, WA) | John Nierenberg | Affirmative | N/A | |
8 | Roger Zaklukiewicz | Roger Zaklukiewicz | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Berkshire Hathaway Energy - MidAmerican Energy Co. | Terry Harbour | None | N/A | |
4 | MGE Energy - Madison Gas and Electric Co. | Ray Mangiulli | Affirmative | N/A | |
10 | Texas Reliability Entity, Inc. | Rachel Coyne | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Dominion - Dominion Virginia Power | Victoria Crider | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | American Transmission Company, LLC | Amy Wilke | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Snohomish County PUD No. 1 | Holly Chaney | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Northern California Power Agency | Marty Hostler | Negative | N/A | |
1 | Hydro-Qu?bec TransEnergie | Nicolas Turcotte | Affirmative | N/A | |
4 | Seattle City Light | Robert Jones | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Lincoln Electric System | Eric Ruskamp | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Lincoln Electric System | Sam Christensen | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Sunflower Electric Power Corporation | Paul Mehlhaff | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Western Area Power Administration | Jennifer Neville | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Entergy - Entergy Services, Inc. | Gail Golden | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Edison International - Southern California Edison Company | Selene Willis | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | PSEG - Public Service Electric and Gas Co. | Christopher Murphy | None | N/A | |
1 | BC Hydro and Power Authority | Adrian Andreoiu | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | NextEra Energy - Florida Power and Light Co. | Silvia Mitchell | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Cleco Corporation | Robert Hirchak | Affirmative | N/A | |
2 | ISO New England, Inc. | John Pearson | Affirmative | N/A | |
4 | WEC Energy Group, Inc. | Matthew Beilfuss | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Great River Energy | Brian Meloy | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Lower Colorado River Authority | Teresa Krabe | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | MEAG Power | David Weekley | Scott Miller | Affirmative | N/A |
3 | MEAG Power | Roger Brand | Scott Miller | Affirmative | N/A |
3 | New York Power Authority | Richard Machado | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Western Area Power Administration | Ben Hammer | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Public Utility District No. 2 of Grant County, Washington | Nikkee Hebdon | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Owensboro Municipal Utilities | Thomas Lyons | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Public Utility District No. 1 of Pend Oreille County | Angela Hall | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Exelon | Daniel Gacek | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Exelon | Kinte Whitehead | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Exelon | Cynthia Lee | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Exelon | Becky Webb | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | Anton Vu | None | N/A | |
1 | Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | faranak sarbaz | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Los Angeles Department of Water and Power | Robert Kerrigan | None | N/A | |
1 | Arizona Electric Power Cooperative, Inc. | Jennifer Bray | Affirmative | N/A | |
2 | Southwest Power Pool, Inc. (RTO) | Joshua Phillips | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Colorado Springs Utilities | Hillary Dobson | Affirmative | N/A | |
2 | California ISO | Darcy O'Connell | Affirmative | N/A | |
2 | Midcontinent ISO, Inc. | Bobbi Welch | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Colorado Springs Utilities | Corey Walker | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Lakeland Electric | Larry Watt | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | BC Hydro and Power Authority | Ming Jiang | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Austin Energy | Lisa Martin | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Austin Energy | Lovita Griffin | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | CMS Energy - Consumers Energy Company | Karl Blaszkowski | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Tacoma Public Utilities (Tacoma, WA) | Terry Gifford | Affirmative | N/A | |
10 | New York State Reliability Council | Wesley Yeomans | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Lakeland Electric | Carmen Rodriguez | None | N/A | |
5 | Avista - Avista Corporation | Glen Farmer | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Lakeland Electric | Steven Marshall | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County | Diane E Landry | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County | Robert Witham | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County | Rebecca Zahler | Affirmative | N/A | |
4 | Public Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish County | John D. Martinsen | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County | Joyce Gundry | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Southern Company - Southern Company Generation | Ron Carlsen | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Southern Company - Alabama Power Company | Joel Dembowski | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Southern Company - Southern Company Services, Inc. | Matt Carden | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Choctaw Generation Limited Partnership, LLLP | Rob Watson | None | N/A | |
1 | Public Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish County | Alyssia Rhoads | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Public Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish County | Becky Burden | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Snohomish County PUD No. 1 | John Liang | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Xcel Energy, Inc. | Steve Szablya | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Xcel Energy, Inc. | Gerry Huitt | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | DTE Energy - Detroit Edison Company | Mohamad Elhusseini | None | N/A | |
4 | Austin Energy | Tony Hua | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Seminole Electric Cooperative, Inc. | Kristine Ward | Abstain | N/A | |
3 | DTE Energy - Detroit Edison Company | Marvin Johnson | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Salt River Project | Laura Somak | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Avista - Avista Corporation | Robert Follini | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Salt River Project | Thomas Johnson | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Seminole Electric Cooperative, Inc. | Melanie Wong | Abstain | N/A | |
5 | Hydro-Qu?bec Production | Carl Pineault | Affirmative | N/A | |
3 | Florida Municipal Power Agency | Navid Nowakhtar | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Florida Municipal Power Agency | Chris Gowder | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Florida Municipal Power Agency | Jade Bulitta | Affirmative | N/A | |
4 | Florida Municipal Power Agency | Dan O'Hagan | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | Great River Energy | Gordon Pietsch | Affirmative | N/A | |
5 | Massachusetts Municipal Wholesale Electric Company | Michael Russell | Affirmative | N/A | |
6 | Salt River Project | Timothy Singh | Affirmative | N/A | |
1 | OTP - Otter Tail Power Company | Charles Wicklund | Affirmative | N/A |